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International security, also called global security, refers to the amalgamation of measures taken by states and international organizations, such as the United Nations, European Union, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, and others, to ensure mutual survival and safety. These measures include military action and diplomatic agreements such as treaties and conventions. International and national security are invariably linked. International security is national security or state security in the global arena. With the end of World War II, a new subject of academic study focusing on international security emerged. It began as an independent field of study, but was absorbed as a sub-field of international relations.〔Buzan, B. and L. Hansen (2009). ''The Evolution of International Security Studies''. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.〕 Since it took hold in the 1950s, the study of international security has been at the heart of international relations studies.〔Sheehan, M. (2005). ''International Security: An Analytical Survey''. London, Lynne Rienner Publishers.〕 It covers labels like "security studies", "strategic studies", "peace studies", and others. The meaning of "security" is often treated as a common sense term that can be understood by "unacknowledged consensus".〔Sheehan, M. (2005), ''International Security: and Analytical Survey'', London, Lynne Rienner Publishers〕 The content of international security has expanded over the years. Today it covers a variety of interconnected issues in the world that have an impact on survival. It ranges from the traditional or conventional modes of military power, the causes and consequences of war between states, economic strength, to ethnic, religious and ideological conflicts, trade and economic conflicts, energy supplies, science and technology, food, as well as threats to human security and the stability of states from environmental degradation, infectious diseases, climate change and the activities of non-state actors.〔Buzen, B., O. Wæver, et al. (1998). ''Security: A new frame work for Analysis''. Boulder, CO, Lynne Rienner Publishers.; Doty, P., A. Carnesale, et al. (1976). "Foreword." ''International Security'' 1(1).〕 While the wide perspective of international security regards everything as a security matter, the traditional approach focuses mainly or exclusively on military concerns.〔 ==Concepts of security in the international arena== Edward Kolodziej has compared international security to a Tower of Babel〔Kolodziej, E. (2005). ''Security and International Relations''. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, p.11.〕 and Roland Paris (2004) views it as "in the eye of the beholder".〔Paris, R. (2004). "Still and Inscrutable Concept", ''Security Dialogue'' 35: 370–372.〕 Security has been widely applied to "justify suspending civil liberties, making war, and massively reallocating resources during the last fifty years".〔Baldwin, D. (1997). "The Concept of Security." ''Review of International studies'' 23: 5–26〕 Walter Lippmann (1944) views security as the capability of a country to protect its core values, both in terms that a state need not sacrifice core values in avoiding war and can maintain them by winning war.〔Lippmann, W. (1944). ''U.S. Foreign Policy''. London, Hamish Hamilton〕 David Baldwin (1997) argues that pursuing security sometimes requires sacrificing other values, including marginal values and prime values.〔 Richard Ullman (1983) has suggested that a decrease in vulnerability is security.〔Ullman, R. (1983). "Redefining Security." ''International Security'' 8(1): 129–153〕 Arnold Wolfers (1952) argues that "security" is generally a normative term. It is applied by nations "in order to be either expedient—a rational means toward an accepted end—or moral, the best or least evil course of action".〔Wolfers, A. (1952). ""National Security" as an Ambiguous Symbol." ''Political Science Quarterly'' 67(4): 481–502.〕 In the same way that people are different in sensing and identifying danger and threats, Wolfers argues that different nations also have different expectations of security. Not only is there a difference between forbearance of threats, but different nations also face different levels of threats because of their unique geographical, economic, ecological, and political environment. Barry Buzan (2000) views the study of international security as more than a study of threats, but also a study of which threats that can be tolerated and which require immediate action.〔Buzan, B. (2000). 'Change and Insecurity' reconsidered. ''Critical Reflection on Security and Change''. S. Croft and T. Terriff. Oxen, Frank Cass Publishers.〕 He sees the concept of security as not either power or peace, but something in between.〔Buzan, B. (2007). ''People, States & Fear''. Colchester, ECPR.〕 The concept of an international security actor has extended in all directions since the 1990s, from nations to groups, individuals, international systems, NGOs, and local governments.〔Rothschild, E. (1995). "What is Security." ''Dædalus'' 124(3): 53–98.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「international security」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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